Предлоги в составе фразовых глаголов.
Приветствуем наших студентов и просто любителей английского языка. Мы продолжаем нашу рубрику Просто о Сложном. Но сегодня степень сложности темы позволяет мне смело обозначить данный выпуск, как Просто об очень Сложном, потому как на повестке дня фразовые глаголы.
Что это такое и с чем это едят)))?
Можно условно поделить предлоги на два вида для облегчения понимания. Первый мы назовем предлоги-предлоги, когда предлоги выполняют свою обычную функцию: связывают главные и второстепенные члены предложения. Например, There is a pen on the table.- Ручка на столе. А второй, это когда предлоги являются частью фразового глагола, и не переводятся буквально, а, как бы растворяются в данном глаголе и меняют, иногда даже до неузнаваемости, его значение. Например, Hе gets on well with his relatives-Он хорошо ладит со своими родственниками. В данном примере предлог on потерял свое основное значение, стал частью фразового глагола, придав ему особое значение.
В английском языке существует множество так называемых фразовых глаголов (phrasal verbs). Как видно из названия, это глагол-фраза, неразделимая семантическая единица языка, в состав которой чаще всего входит глагол с предлогом, иногда даже ни одним. Что примечательно: значение у фразовых глаголов может быть весьма логичным. Например, walk in – входить (буквально, если перевести каждое слово в отдельности «идти» «в»), а иногда и весьма непредсказуемым…
Strong people don’t put others down, they lift them up.
Сильные не унижают других, они их возносят…
…, но и у первых и вторых, есть одна общая черта: фразовый глагол – это неделимая устойчивая конструкция, которая несет свое значение именно в таком устойчивом виде.
Можно отметить, что с развитием языка, фразовых глаголов становится все больше и больше. Скорее всего, это связано со стремлением к упрощению. Чтобы не использовать много слов, а обходится базовым набором, оттеночные значения образовываются не с помощью усложнения – введения нового слова, а с помощью комбинирования давно известных носителю базовых слов. В связи с популярностью фразовых глаголов, их важно периодически изучать. Ниже смотрите пожалуйста, список наиболее употребляемых фразовых глаголов с примерами в предложениях, что поможет понять и запомнить их легче, а их практическое применение сделает ваш английский более «английским».
| phrasal verb | Meaning | example sentence |
| ask sby out | invite on a date | Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie. |
| ask around | ask many people the same question | I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet. |
| add up tosthg | Equal | Your purchases add up to $205.32. |
| back sthgup | Reverse | You’ll have to back up your car so that I can get out. |
| back sby up | Support | My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job. |
| blow up | Explode | The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence. |
| blow sthgup | add air | We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party. |
| break down | stop functioning (vehicle, machine) | Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm. |
| break down | get upset | The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died. |
| break sthgdown | divide into smaller parts | Our teacher broke the final projectdown into three separate parts. |
| break in | force entry to a building | Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo. |
| break intosthg | enter forcibly | The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children. |
| break sthgin | wear sthg a few times so that it doesn’t look/feel new | I need to break these shoes inbefore we run next week. |
| break in | Interrupt | The TV station broke in to report the news of the president’s death. |
| break up | end a relationship | My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America. |
| break up | start laughing (informal) | The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking. |
| break out | Escape | The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren’t looking. |
| break out in sthg | develop a skin condition | I broke out in a rash after our camping trip. |
| bring sbydown | make unhappy | This sad music is bringing medown. |
| bring sbyup | raise a child | My grandparents brought me upafter my parents died. |
| bring sthgup | start talking about a subject | My mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports. |
| bring sthgup | Vomit | He drank so much that he broughthis dinner up in the toilet. |
| call around | phone many different places/people | We called around but we weren’t able to find the car part we needed. |
| call sbyback | return a phone call | I called the company back but the offices were closed for the weekend. |
| call sthg off | Cancel | Jason called the wedding offbecause he wasn’t in love with his fiancé. |
| call on sby | ask for an answer or opinion | The professor called on me for question 1. |
| call on sby | visit sby | We called on you last night but you weren’t home. |
| call sby up | Phone | Give me your phone number and I will call you up when we are in town. |
| calm down | relax after being angry | You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car. |
| not care forsby/ sthg | not like (formal) | I don’t care for his behaviour. |
| catch up | get to the same point as sby else | You’ll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty. |
| check in | arrive and register at a hotel or airport | We will get the hotel keys when wecheck in. |
| check out | leave a hotel | You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM. |
| check sby/ sthg out | look at carefully, investigate | The company checks out all new employees. |
| check outsby/ sthg | look at (informal) | Check out the crazy hair on that guy! |
| cheer up | become happier | She cheered up when she heard the good news. |
| cheer sbyup | make happier | I brought you some flowers tocheer you up. |
| chip in | Help | If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon. |
| clean sthgup | tidy, clean | Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside. |
| come across sthg | find unexpectedly | I came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet. |
| come apart | Separate | The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough. |
| come down with sthg | become sick | My nephew came down withchicken pox this weekend. |
| come forward | volunteer for a task or to give evidence | The woman came forward with her husband’s finger prints. |
| come fromsome place | originate in | The art of origami comes fromAsia. |
| count onsby/ sthg | rely on | I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out. |
| cross sthgout | draw a line through | Please cross out your old address and write your new one. |
| cut back on sthg | consume less | My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods. |
| cut sthgdown | make sthg fall to the ground | We had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm. |
| cut in | Interrupt | Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle. |
| cut in | pull in too closely in front of another vehicle | The bus driver got angry when that car cut in. |
| cut in | start operating (of an engine or electrical device) | The air conditioner cuts in when the temperature gets to 22°C. |
| cut sthg off | remove with sthg sharp | The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured. |
| cut sthg off | stop providing | The phone company cut off our phone because we didn’t pay the bill. |
| cut sby off | take out of a will | My grandparents cut my father offwhen he remarried. |
| cut sthgout | remove part of sthg (usually with scissors and paper) | I cut this ad out of the newspaper. |
| do sby/ sthgover | beat up, ransack (BrE, informal) | He’s lucky to be alive. His shop wasdone over by a street gang. |
| do sthgover | do again (AmE) | My teacher wants me to do my essay over because she doesn’t like my topic. |
| do away with sthg | Discard | It’s time to do away with all of these old tax records. |
| do sthg up | fasten, close | Do your coat up before you go outside. It’s snowing! |
| dress up | wear nice clothing | It’s a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up. |
| drop back | move back in a position/group | Andrea dropped back to third place when she fell off her bike. |
| drop in/ by/ over | come without an appointment | I might drop in/by/over for tea sometime this week. |
| drop sby/ sthg off | take sby/ sthg somewhere and leave them/it there | I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over. |
| drop out | quit a class, school etc | I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult. |
| eat out | eat at a restaurant | I don’t feel like cooking tonight. Let’s eat out. |
| end up | eventually reach/do/decide | We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre. |
| fall apart | break into pieces | My new dress fell apart in the washing machine. |
| fall down | fall to the ground | The picture that you hung up last night fell down this morning. |
| fall out | separate from an interior | The money must have fallen out of my pocket. |
| fall out | (of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached | His hair started to fall out when he was only 35. |
| figure sthgout | understand, find the answer | I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room. |
| fill sthg in | to write information in blanks, as on a form (BrE) | Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number. |
| fill sthg out | to write information in blanks, as on a form (AmE) | The form must be filled out in capital letters. |
| fill sthg up | fill to the top | I always fill the water jug up when it is empty. |
| find out | Discover | We don’t know where he lives. How can we find out? |
| find sthgout | Discover | We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha foundit out. |
Ждите наши следующие советы, в которых мы продолжим говорить просто о сложном. А также, если вы заинтересованы выучить иностранный язык с минимальными усилиями и максимальным результатом, ждем вас в наших офисах в городе Киев: